Severe Methemoglobinemia Following Sodium Chlorate Ingestion: A Rare Case Report and Review of Management

Abstract

Sodium chlorate is a highly effective oxidizing agent primarily used as a non-selective herbicide for weed control and eradication. While its popularity has decreased in some areas due to safety concerns, it continues to be available in agricultural settings, where its low cost and potency make it a viable option for herbicide application. However, its accessibility also poses risks, as it can be used for both accidental and intentional poisoning. Though sodium chlorate toxicity is rare, it is associated with severe health risks and can result in high morbidity and mortality. The toxic effects stem from its systemic oxidative properties, which can damage various organs. One of the most dangerous consequences of poisoning is acute hemolytic anemia, where red blood cells are destroyed at an accelerated rate. Renal failure may also occur due to the kidney’s inability to cope with the oxidative stress caused by sodium chlorate. Additionally, methemoglobinemia is a serious complication that can arise. In this condition, the hemoglobin in red blood cells is oxidized to methemoglobin, which is incapable of carrying oxygen, leading to impaired oxygen delivery to tissues and potentially causing life-threatening consequences. Thus, while sodium chlorate remains useful in certain agricultural practices, its risks should not be underestimated.