RISK FACTORS OF TRANSMISSION OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) IN CHILDREN: A REVIEW

Authors

  • Ninin Herlinawati Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia
  • Yulis Setiya Dewi Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia
  • Ilya Krisnana Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya Indonesia
  • Yoyok Bekti Prasetyo Faculty Health Sciences, University Muhammadiyah of Malang Indonesia
  • Amel Dawood Kamel Maternal and newborn health nursing, College of Nursing, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for health sciences Riyadh-national guard-KSA, Department of Maternal and New Born Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University, Egypt

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31674/mjn.2021.v13i01.007

Abstract

Introduction: The transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children in the world is still high, especially from the environment where children live and play. The purpose of this review was to analyze host and environmental factors for the risk of transmission of COVID-19 in children, based on empirical studies in the last 2 years. Methods: Search for journals or articles were used databases including Scopus, Science Direct, Proquest and Pubmed. Journal search was conducted from April to October 2020. The PRISMA checklist was used to assess study feasibility. The framework used to review is PICOS and the inclusion criteria used are English-language journals published in 2019 to 2020, discussions related to transmission to children, and the population is children. The data collection was carried out by examining the title, abstract, full text and assessed methodology to determine the eligibility of the journal. Results and Analysis: Thirty hundred journals have been identified, there are twelve journals that match the research criteria, the study explains the risk factors for the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children (n = 12). Research designs that are widely used to discuss factors associated with the transmission of COVID-19 in children are the Cohort studies, Case-report studies, Case Control, Survey studies, Observasi Studies dan Mix method Discussion: Host factors that influence the incidence of COVID-19 in children are immunity, comorbidities, personal hygiene behavior and nutritional status. Children with low immunity and comorbid susceptibility to contracting the virus and will become severe when the child's nutritional status is poor. The environmental factor of the child tends to be transmitted in the child's home and play environment. It is necessary to implement health protocols and increase nutritional intake especially  for children.

Keywords:

Risk Factors, Infection, COVID-19, Transmission, Children

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adhikari, S. P., Meng, S., Wu, Y. J., Mao, Y. P., Ye, R. X., Wang, Q. Z., & Zhou, H. (2020). Epidemiology, Causes, Clinical Manifestation and Diagnosis, Prevention and Control of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) During the Early Outbreak Period: A Scoping Review. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9(1), 1-12.

Alligood, M. R., & Tomey, A. M. (2014). Nursing theory and their work. The cv MosbyCompany St. Louis. Toronto, Missouri.

Bellino, S., Punzo, O., Rota, M. C., Del Manso, M., Urdiales, A. M., Andrianou, X., & Pezzotti, P. (2020). COVID-19 Disease Severity Risk Factors for Pediatric Patients in Italy. American Academic of Pediatrics, 146(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-009399

Cao, Q., Chen, Y. C., Chen, C. L., & Chiu, C. H. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children: Transmission Dynamics and Clinical Characteristics. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 119(3), 670–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2020.02.009

De Luca, C. D., Esposito, E., Cristiani, L., Mancino, E., Nenna, R., Cortis, E., & Midulla, F. (2020). Covid-19 in children: A brief overview after three months experience. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 35, 9-14.

Dong, Y., Mo, X. I., Hu, Y., Qi, X., Jiang, F., Jiang, Z., & Tong, S. (2020). Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0702

Duff, E. (2020). Global Health Emergency Declared By WHO. Midwifery, 83, 102668-102668. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2020.102668

Götzinger, F., Santiago-García, B., Noguera-Julián, A., Lanaspa, M., Lancella, L., Carducci, F. I. C., ... & Riordan, A. (2020). COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(9), 653-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30177-2

Hamadani, J. D., Hasan, M. I., Baldi, A. J., Hossain, S. J., & Shiraji, S. (2020). Articles Immediate impact of Stay-At-Home Orders to Control COVID-19 Transmission on Socioeconomic Conditions, Food Insecurity, Mental Health , and Intimate Partner Violence in Bangladeshi Women and their Families : An Interrupted Time Series. The Lancet Global Health, 8(11), 1380–1389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30366-1

Hubiche, T., Phan, A., Leducq, S., Rapp, J., Fertitta, L., Aubert, H., ... & Maruani, A. (2021). Acute acral eruptions in children during the COVID-19 pandemic: characteristics of 103 children and their family clusters. In Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie (Vol. 148, No. 2, pp. 94-100). Elsevier Masson. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2020.11.005

Ibrahim, L. F., Tosif, S., McNab, S., Hall, S., Lee, H. J., Lewena, S., & Babl, F. E. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 Testing and Outcomes in the First 30 days after the First Case of COVID-19 at an Australian Children’s Hospital. EMA - Emergency Medicine Australasia, 32(5), 801–808. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.13550

Kannan, S., Shaik Syed Ali, P., Sheeza, A., & Hemalatha, K. (2020). COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus 2019) - Recent Trends. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 24(4), 2006–2011. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202002_20378

Kobayashi, T., Jung, S., Linton, N. M., Kinoshita, R., Hayashi, K., Miyama, T., & Nishiura, H. (2020). Communicating the Risk of Death from Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020580

Kursumovic, E. (2020). Deaths in Healthcare Workers due to COVID-19 : The Need for Robust Data and Analysis, Anaesthesia, 989–992. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15116

Le, H. T., Nguyen, L. V, Tran, D. M., Do, H. T., Tran, H. T., Le, Y. T., & Phan, P. H. (2020). Case Report the First Infant Case of COVID-19 Acquired From A Secondary Transmission in Vietnam. The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health, 4(5), 405–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30091-2

Liu, T., Liang, W., Zhong, H., He, J., & Chen, Z. (2020). Risk Factors Associated with COVID-19 Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study Based on Contacts Tracing. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 9(1), 1546-1553. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1787799

Liu, Y., Gu, Z., Xia, S., Shi, B., Zhou, X. N., Shi, Y., & Liu, J. (2020). What are the Underlying Transmission Patterns Of COVID-19 Outbreak? An Age-Specific Social Contact Characterization. Eclinical Medicine, 22, 100354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100354

Ludvigsson, J. F. (2020). Systematic Review of COVID‐19 in Children Shows Milder Cases and a Better Prognosis than Adults. Acta Paediatrica, 109(6), 1088-1095.

Manderson, L., & Levine, S. (2020). COVID-19, Risk, Fear, and Fall-out. Medical Anthropology, 39(5), 367-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2020.1746301

Moradi, S., Mirzababaei, A., Mohammadi, H., Moosavian, S. P., Arab, A., Jannat, B., & Mirzaei, K. (2019). Food Insecurity and the Risk of Undernutrition Complications Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrition, 62, 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.11.029

Oreskovic, N. M., Kinane, T. B., Aryee, E., Kuhlthau, K. A., & Perrin, J. M. (2020). The Unexpected Risks of COVID-19 on Asthma Control in Children. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 8(8), 2489-2491.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.05.027

Saha, J., & Chouhan, P. (2020). Indoor air pollution ( IAP ) and pre-existing morbidities among under-5 children in India : are risk factors of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)? Environmental Pollution, 266, pp 115250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115250

Sun, K., Chen, J., & Viboud, C. (2020). Early Epidemiological Analysis of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak Based on Crowdsourced Data: A Population-Level Observational Study. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(4), 201-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30026-1

Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors During the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic Among The General Population In China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729

Wu, Q., Xing, Y., Shi, L., Li, W., Gao, Y., Pan, S., ... & Xing, Q. (2020). Coinfection and other clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children. Pediatrics, 146(1).

Wilke, N. G., Howard, A. H., & Goldman, P. (2020). Rapid Return of Children in Residential Care to Family as a Result of COVID-19: Scope, challenges, and recommendations. Child Abuse and Neglect, 110(2), 104712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104712

Ying, Y., Ruan, L., Kong, F., Zhu, B., Ji, Y., & Lou, Z. (2020). Mental Health Status among Family Members of Health Care Workers in Ningbo, China, During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.13.20033290

Yuliarto, H. (2008). Latihan Fisik dan Kekebalan Tubuh. Medikora, (1).

Zar, H. J., Dawa, J., Fischer, G. B., & Castro-Rodriguez, J. A. (2020). Challenges of COVID-19 in Children in Low-and Middle-Income Countries. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 35, 70-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2020.06.016

Zhou, M., Xie, X., Peng, Y., Wu, M., Deng, X., Wu, Y., & Shang, L. (2020). From SARS to COVID-19 : What we have Learned About Children Infected with COVID-19. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 96, 710–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.090

Zhu, W., Wang, J., He, X., Qin, Y., Yang, S., Hu, X., & Zhou, S. (2020). The Differential Diagnosis of Pulmonary Infiltrates in Cancer Patients During the Outbreak of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 42(4), 305-311.

Published

01-07-2021

How to Cite

Ninin Herlinawati, Dewi, Y. S., Ilya Krisnana, Yoyok Bekti Prasetyo, & Amel Dawood Kamel. (2021). RISK FACTORS OF TRANSMISSION OF CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) IN CHILDREN: A REVIEW. The Malaysian Journal of Nursing (MJN), 13(1), 48-58. https://doi.org/10.31674/mjn.2021.v13i01.007

Metrics