The Impact of Online and Distance Learning (ODL) During Pandemic Covid-19 on the Level of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression of Lecturers in UiTM Puncak Alam, Selangor
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31674/mjn.2023.v15isupp1.002Abstract
Background: Most industries around the globe have been severely impacted by the current COVID-19 outbreak, including educational institutions. It has changed the norms from physical communication emerging to fully online communication platform technologies as the main contact. Open and distance learning (ODL) was the alternative solution. However, the limitations during ODL can affect the psychology of the educators, as it is a new norm for them to fully adapt. Objectives: This study intends to assess the degree of depression, stress, and anxiety among academicians concerning ODL at UiTM Puncak Alam during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The data were collected using a cross-sectional design and convenience sampling involving 88 lecturers from the Faculty of Health Sciences. The data for the study were collected and analyzed from the online questionnaire. The main instruments used in this study were the 21-question Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: The response rate was 78% (n = 88). The results showed that the majority of the participants had normal levels of depression (90.0%), anxiety (86.4%), and stress (95.5%), respectively. A minority of participants showed mild, moderate, and severe degrees of anxiety, stress, and depression during ODL. Depression; Mild (4.5%), Moderate (4.5%) Anxiety; Mild (3.4%), Moderate (9.1%), Severe (1.1%) Stress; Mild (1.1%), Moderate (3.4%). Conclusion: The study concluded that undergoing ODL during the COVID-19 pandemic can slightly affect the level of mental health among participants.
Keywords:
Anxiety, COVID-19, Depression, Lecturers, Open Distance Learning (ODL), StressDownloads
References
Kumar, A. V., & Velmurugan, V. P. (2021). A study on stress level of self-financing college teachers in south kerala during the time of pandemic situation. Ilkogretim Online, 20(5). https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.05.193
Al Dhaheri, A. S., Bataineh, M. A. F., Mohamad, M. N., Ajab, A., Al Marzouqi, A., Jarrar, A. H., ... & Cheikh Ismail, L. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on mental health and quality of life: Is there any effect? A cross-sectional study of the MENA region. PloS one, 16(3), e0249107. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249107
Al Lily, A. E., Ismail, A. F., Abunasser, F. M., & Alqahtani, R. H. A. (2020). Distance education as a response to pandemics: Coronavirus and Arab culture. Technology in society, 63, 101317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101317
Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Martínez-González, M. B., Benitez-Agudelo, J. C., Navarro-Jiménez, E., Beltran-Velasco, A. I., Ruisoto, P., ... & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910041
Cuervo, T. C., Orviz, N. M., Arce, S. G., & Fernández, I. S (2018). Technostress in Communication and Technology Society: Scoping Literature Review from the Web of Science. Archivos Prevencion Riesgos Laborales , 18–25. https://doi.org/10.12961/aprl.2018.21.1.04
Hassan, H. (2020). Coronavirus: Mental health issues rise during Malaysia’s partial shutdown. The Straits Times, https://www. straitstimes. com/asia/se-asia/coronavirus-mental-health-issues-rise-during-malaysiaspartial-shutdown, 11. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/coronavirus-mental-health-issues-rise-during-malaysias-partial-shutdown Accessed on 12th September, 2022.
Kamarul Azlan, N. A., Azman, R. A., Mohi, Z., & Wan Mohd Azman, W. N. A. (2021). Students’ experiences towards Open and Distance Learning (ODL) service quality in UiTM Puncak Alam/Nur ‘Aliah Kamarul Azlan...[et al.]. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Culinary Arts, 13(2), 127-155. https://ir.uitm.edu.my/id/eprint/67573/1/67573.pdf
Kunjukunju, A., Yusof, P., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Quality of Experiences (Qoe) With E-Learning Among Nursing Students in A Private Healthcare University Setting in Malaysia. The Malaysian Journal of Nursing (MJN), 12(2), 98-105. https://doi.org/10.31674/mjn.2020.v12i02.013
Labott, S. M., Johnson, T. P., Fendrich, M., & Feeny, N. C. (2013). Emotional risks to respondents in survey research: Some empirical evidence. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 8(4), 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1525/jer.2013.8.4.53
Labott, S., Johnson, T. P., Feeny, N. C., & Fendrich, M. (2016). Evaluating and addressing emotional risks in survey research. Survey Practice, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.29115/SP-2016-0006
Hosseini, L., & Khazali, H. (2013). Comparing the level of anxiety in male & female school students. Procedia-social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 41-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.506
Li, Q., Miao, Y., Zeng, X., Tarimo, C. S., Wu, C., & Wu, J. (2020). Prevalence and factors for anxiety during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic among the teachers in China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 153-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.017
Lizana, P. A., & Lera, L. (2022). Depression, anxiety, and stress among teachers during the second COVID-19 wave. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), 5968. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105968
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F (1995). Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS--21, DASS--42) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01004-000
Misca, G., & Thornton, G. (2021). Navigating the same storm but not in the same boat: Mental Health vulnerability and coping in women university students during the first COVID-19 lockdown in the UK. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 648533. https://10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648533
Nawi, N. A. N. M., Rosli, N. N. S. F. W., Shohor, N. A., & Ismail, W. M. W. (2023). Perception, Challenges, and Satisfaction Towards Online Teaching among Health Sciences Lecturers. The Malaysian Journal of Nursing (MJN), 15(1), 92-100. https://doi.org/10.31674/mjn.2023.v15i01.011
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Berasategi Santxo, N., Idoiaga Mondragon, N., & Dosil Santamaría, M. (2021). The psychological state of teachers during the COVID-19 crisis: The challenge of returning to face-to-face teaching. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 620718. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.620718
Prado-Gascó, V., Gómez-Domínguez, M. T., Soto-Rubio, A., Díaz-Rodríguez, L., & Navarro-Mateu, D. (2020). Stay at home and teach: A comparative study of psychosocial risks between Spain and Mexico during the pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 566900. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566900
Pressley, T., Ha, C., & Learn, E. (2021). Teacher stress and anxiety during COVID-19: An empirical study. School Psychology, 36(5), 367. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000468
Musa, R., Ramli, R., Abdullah, K., & Sarkarsi, R. (2011). Concurrent validity of the depression and anxiety components in the Bahasa Malaysia version of the Depression Anxiety and Stress scales (DASS). Malay, 230, 93-5. https://www2.psy.unsw.edu.au/dass//Malaysian/ramli_concurrentvalidity2011.pdf
Robinson, L. E., Valido, A., Drescher, A., Woolweaver, A. B., Espelage, D. L., LoMurray, S., ... & Dailey, M. M. (2023). Teachers, stress, and the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative analysis. School Mental Health, 15(1), 78-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-022-09533-2
Ratna, A., Mohammed, L. A., Kirpalani, A., Hiranandani, K., Tolani, L., & Nandi, S. (2023). Impacts of Gamification Learning Approach on Student’s Performance and Perception During Covid 19 Post Pandemic 2021 In Indonesia New Normal Learning Setting. Journal Research of Social, Science, Economics, and Management, 2(07), 1392-1406. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.73374191012
Šagát, P., Bartík, P., Prieto González, P., Tohănean, D. I., & Knjaz, D. (2020). Impact of COVID-19quarantine on low back pain intensity, prevalence, and associated risk factors among adult citizens residing in riyadh (Saudi Arabia): A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), 7302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197302
Sen, M., Tanimale, D., Sethuraman, K. R., & Singh, Y. D. (2023). A Review of Simulation Pedagogy Past and Present; and The Experiences at One Center During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 6(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2023.v06i03.001
Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2008). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, S(1), 37–85. https://doi.org/10.1037/1942-9681.S.1.37
Verma, R., Balhara, Y. P. S., & Gupta, C. S. (2011). Gender differences in stress response: Role of developmental and biological determinants. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 20(1), 4-10. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.98407
Wakui, N., Abe, S., Shirozu, S., Yamamoto, Y., Yamamura, M., Abe, Y., ... & Kikuchi, M. (2021). Causes of anxiety among teachers giving face-to-face lessons after the reopening of schools during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11130-y
World Health Organization (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic triggers 25% increase in the prevalence of anxiety and depression worldwide. The wake-up call to all countries to step up mental health services and support World Health Organization (2022). https://www.who.int/news/item/02-03-2022-covid-19-pandemic-triggers-25-increase-in-prevalence-of-anxiety-and-depression-worldwide. Accessed on 12th September, 2022.
Zhou, X., & Yao, B. (2020). Social support and acute stress symptoms (ASSs) during the COVID-19 outbreak: deciphering the roles of psychological needs and sense of control. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1779494. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2020.1779494
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 The Malaysian Journal of Nursing (MJN)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
