Stress and Quality of Life among Young Adults During Covid-19 Pandemic in Kuala Selangor
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31674/mjn.2023.v15isupp1.010Abstract
Introduction: Social isolation, as recommended by the World Health Organization, helps reduce the spread of COVID-19. However, countless reports verified that it affected the psychological wellbeing and quality of life of individuals worldwide. Objective: To assess the stress levels and quality of life of young adults in Kuala Selangor during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study design with a sample size of 191 who were selected through convenience sampling answered the questionnaires, which were the perceived stress scale and the World Health Organization-Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQoL-26). Results: This study showed that 89.5% of young adults have an extremely severe stress level. Meanwhile, the physical health domain of quality of life showed the lowest score (median = 44.00, IQR=24.00) compared to other domains, such as environmental health (median =63.00, IQR =50.00), psychological health (median=56.00, IQR=38.00), and social relationships (median =50.00, IQR=44.00). There was also no significant difference between stress level and the demographic data of the respondents, including age, gender, educational status, socioeconomic status, and employment status. The study found a weak negative correlation between stress level and environmental health (p=0.007), but no correlation was found with other domains such as physical health, psychological health, or social relationships. Conclusion: There was an extremely severe stress level among young adults, but it did not relate to the quality of life. Thus, the quality of life can be affected by other possible factors rather than psychological influence. This project encouraged the health sector to plan effective programs related to stress-coping strategies and a better quality of life to survive during the pandemic.
Keywords:
COVID-19, Quality of Life, Stress, Young AdultsDownloads
References
Algahtani, F. D., Hassan, S.-N., Alsaif, B., & Zrieq, R. (2021). Assessment of the Quality of Life during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 847. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030847
American Psychological Association. (2020). APA Offers Resources to Help Cope with COVID-19. https://www.apa.org/news/apa/2020/03/covid-19-resources. Access on 12th July 2022.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging Adulthood: A Theory of Development from The Late Teens Through the Twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV Epidemic: Address Mental Health Care to Empower Society. The Lancet, 395(10224), e37–e38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
Berdida, D. J. E., & Grande, R. A. N. (2023). Academic stress, COVID‐19 anxiety, and quality of life among nursing students: The mediating role of resilience. International Nursing Review, 70(1), 34-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12774
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on College Students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
Charles, N. E., Strong, S. J., Burns, L. C., Bullerjahn, M. R., & Serafine, K. M. (2021). Increased Mood Disorder Symptoms, Perceived Stress, and Alcohol Use among College Students During The COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 296, 113706. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/rge9k
Cheval, B., Sivaramakrishnan, H., Maltagliati, S., Fessler, L., Forestier, C., Sarrazin, P., Orsholits, D., Chalabaev, A., Sander, D., Ntoumanis, N., & Boisgontier, M. P. (2021). Relationships Between Changes in Self-Reported Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour and Health During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic in France and Switzerland. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(6), 699–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1841396
Couarraze, S., Delamarre, L., Marhar, F., Quach, B., Jiao, J., Avilés Dorlhiac, R., Saadaoui, F., Liu, A. S. I., Dubuis, B., Antunes, S., Andant, N., Pereira, B., Ugbolue, U. C., Baker, J. S., Clinchamps, M., & Dutheil, F. (2021). The Major Worldwide Stress of Healthcare Professionals During the First Wave of the COVID- 19 Pandemic – The International COVISTRESS Survey. PloS One, 16(10), e0257840. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257840
Cummings, G. G., Tate, K., Lee, S., Wong, C. A., Paananen, T., Micaroni, S. P., & Chatterjee, G. E. (2018). Leadership Styles and Outcome Patterns for the Nursing Workforce and Work Environment: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 85, 19-60. https://iranarze.ir/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/E9792-IranArze.pdf
Elbay, R. Y., Kurtulmuş, A., Arpacıoğlu, S., & Karadere, E. (2020). Depression, Anxiety, Stress Levels of Physicians and Associated Factors in Covid-19 Pandemics. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113130
Eccles, J. S. (2004). Schools, Academic Motivation, and Stage‐Environment Fit. Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, 125-153. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780471726746.ch5
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. (2e éd. révisée et élargie). W.w. Norton and Compny Inc. New York
Fadzil, M. F. (2020, August 21). Merungkai Kembali Isu Had Umur Belia di Malaysia | Majlis Belia Malaysia. Majlis Belia Malaysia. https://belia.org.my/wp/2020/08/21/merungkai-kembali-isu-had-umur-belia-di-malaysia/. Accessed on 14th July 2022.
Hasanah, C. I., Naing, L., & Rahman, A. R. (2003). World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment: Brief Version in Bahasa Malaysia. The Medical Journal of Malaysia, 58(1), 79–88. https://www.e-mjm.org/2003/v58n1/WHO_Quality_of_Life_Assessment.pdf. Accessed on 20th July 2022
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-Analytic Review. PLoS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
Huang, C.-C., Chen, Y., Greene, L., Cheung, S., & Wei, Y. (2019). Resilience and Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Adolescents in China: Effects of A Short-Term and Intensive Mindfulness and Life Skills Training. Children and Youth Services Review, 100, 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.03.015
Killgore, W. D., Cloonan, S. A., Taylor, E. C., & Dailey, N. S. (2020). Loneliness: A Signature Mental Health Concern in the Era of COVID-19. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113117
Klaiber, P., Wen, J. H., DeLongis, A., & Sin, N. L. (2021). The Ups and Downs of Daily Life During COVID-19: Age Differences in Affect, Stress, and Positive Events. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(2), e30–e37. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa096
Korkmaz, S., Kazgan, A., Çekiç, S., Tartar, A. S., Balcı, H. N., & Atmaca, M. (2020). The Anxiety Levels, Quality of Sleep and Life and Problem-Solving Skills in Healthcare Workers Employed in COVID-19 Services. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 80, 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2020.07.073
Lei, L., Huang, X., Zhang, S., Yang, J., Yang, L., & Xu, M. (2020). Comparison of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anxiety and Depression among People Affected by Versus People Unaffected by Quarantine During The COVID-19 Epidemic in Southwestern China. Medical Science Monitor, 26. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.924609
Lenze, E. J., Hickman, S. A., Hershey, T., Wendleton, L., Ly, K., Dixon, D. A., Dore, P., & Wetherell, J. L. (2014). Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Older Adults with Worry Symptoms and Co-Occurring Cognitive Dysfunction. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(10), 991–1000. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4086
Lolo, W. A., Citraningtyas, G., Mpila, D. A., Wijaya, H., & Poddar, S. (2022). Quality of life of hypertensive patients undergoing chronic disease management program during the COVID-19 pandemic. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal), 17(4), 264-269. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v17i4.6224
Marks, H. (2021, August 19). Stress Symptoms. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/balance/stress-management/stress-symptoms-effects_of-stress-on-the-body . Accessed on 24th December, 2022.
Ministry of Health Malaysia (2020). Covid-19 (Latest Updates). https://www.moh.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/2019-ncov-wuhan. Accessed on 12th October 2022.
Mohsen, S., El-Masry, R., Ali, O. F., & Abdel-Hady, D. (2022). Quality of Life During Covid-19 Pandemic: A Community-Based Study in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. Global Health Research and Policy, 7(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-022-00246-2
Moni, A. S. B., Abdullah, S., Abdullah, M. F. I. L. B., Kabir, M. F., Alif, S. M., Sultana, F., Salehin, M., Islam, S. M. S., Cross, W., & Rahman, M. S. (2021). Psychological Distress, Fear and Coping among Malaysians During The COVID-19 Pandemic. Plos One, 16(9), e0257304. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257304
Mustapha, R. (July 13, 2020). Study Finds Malaysians' Stress Levels Went Up During MCO. New Straits Times. https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnists/2020/07/608039/study-finds-malaysians-stress-levels-went-during-mco. Accessed on 12th October, 2022.
Novotný, J. S., Gonzalez-Rivas, J. P., Kunzová, Š., Skladaná, M., Pospíšilová, A., Polcrová, A., Medina-Inojosa, J. R., Lopez-Jimenez, F., Geda, Y. E., & Stokin, G. B. (2020). Risk Factors Underlying COVID-19 Lockdown-Induced Mental Distress. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.603014
Ozdemir, F., Cansel, N., Kizilay, F., Guldogan, E., Ucuz, I., Sinanoglu, B., Colak, C., & Cumurcu, H. B. (2020). The Role of Physical Activity on Mental Health and Quality of Life During COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 40, 101248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101248
Park, K.-H., Kim, A.-R., Yang, M.-A., Lim, S.-J., & Park, J.-H. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on The Lifestyle, Mental Health, and Quality of Life of Adults i n South Korea. Plos One, 16(2), e0247970. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247970
Pedrozo-Pupo, J. C., Pedrozo-Cortés, M. J., & Campo-Arias, A. (2020). Perceived Stress Associated with COVID-19 Epidemic in Colombia: An Online Survey. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(5). https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00090520
Pieh, C., O´Rourke, T., Budimir, S., & Probst, T. (2020). Relationship Quality and Mental Health During COVID-19 Lockdown. Plos One, 15(9), e0238906. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238906
Ping, M. F., Natalia, E., & Hurai, R. (2022). The Impact of Covid-19 to the Mental Health of Housewives and the Adaptation Process from a Cultural Perspective. The Malaysian Journal of Nursing (MJN), 13(3), 71-76. https://doi.org/10.31674/mjn.2022.v13i03.011
Puccinelli, P. J., da Costa, T. S., Seffrin, A., de Lira, C. A. B., Vancini, R. L., Nikolaidis, P. T., Knechtle, B., Rosemann, T., Hill, L., & Andrade, M. S. (2021). Reduced Level of Physical Activity During COVID-19 Pandemic is Associated with Depression and Anxiety Levels: An Internet-Based Survey. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 425. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10470-z
Rezapour, M., Dehzangi, A., & Saadati, F. (2022). Students’ Negative Emotions and Their Rational and Irrational Behaviors During COVID-19 Outbreak. PloS One, 17(3), e0264985. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264985
Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., ... & Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health among the General Population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 790. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00790
Salmon, P. (2001). Effects of Physical Exercise on Anxiety, Depression, and Sensitivity to Stress: A Unifying Theory. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(1), 33-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00032-x
Sandhu, S. S., Ismail, N. H., & Rampal, K. G. (2015). The Malay Version of The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)-10 Is a Reliable and Valid Measure for Stress among Nurses in Malaysia. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Science (MJMS), 22(6), 26–31. https://www.mjms.usm.my/MJMS22062015/05MJMS22062015oa.pdf
Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Miller, J. G., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., ... & Bentall, R. P. (2020). Anxiety, Depression, Traumatic Stress and COVID-19-Related Anxiety in the UK General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 6(6), e125. https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjo.2020.109
Tambunan, D. M., Nurjanah, N., Rahmayanti, S. D., Imelisa, R., & Abdullah, B. F. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental and emotional wellbeing among children: A systematic review. Malaysian Journal of Medical Research (MJMR), 5(3), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.31674/mjmr.2021.v05i03.003
Tan, Y., Huang, C., Geng, Y., Cheung, S. P., & Zhang, S. (2021). Psychological Well- Being in Chinese College Students During The COVID-19 Pandemic: Roles of Resilience and Environmental Stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 671553. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671553
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2009). The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement. Simon and Schuster. https://www.sakkyndig.com/psykologi/artvit/twenge2009.pdf
Varma, P., Junge, M., Meaklim, H., & Jackson, M. L. (2021). Younger People Are More Vulnerable to Stress, Anxiety and Depression During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Global Cross-Sectional Survey. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 109, 110236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110236
Woodward, E. N., Walsh, J. L., Senn, T. E., & Carey, M. P. (2018). Positive Social Interaction Offsets Impact of Low Socioeconomic Status on Stress. Journal of The National Medical Association, 110(4), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2017.07.006
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 The Malaysian Journal of Nursing (MJN)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.