A Review of Reproductive Hormone Levels in Male Smokers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31674/ijbb.2024.v01i02.001Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: About thirty-seven percent of men smoke at reproductive age. Smoking has a bad impact on men's reproductive health, because of the more than four thousand compounds contained in cigarettes. Various hormones including sex steroid hormones can change, due to the effects of nicotine including the hypothalamus - pituitary - gonad axis and hormone metabolism. The chemicals contained in cigarettes also cause oxidative stress. The free radicals produced can damage cells and cell membranes, including Leydig cells responsible for producing testosterone, thus affecting spermatogenesis. Smoking can cause narrowing of the blood vessels (atherosclerosis), including the blood vessels that supply blood to the testicles. Therefore, this study aims to review male reproductive hormone levels in male smokers.
Method: The information was collated from various databases including PubMed, Wiley, Science Direct, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Scopus, Google, and Google Scholar using relevant keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) such as male smokers & follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); male smokers & luteinizing hormone (LH); male smokers & testosterone.
Results: The literature review of related articles found contrasting reports on the change in FSH, LH and testosterone levels among male smokers. Some reported an increase while others reported a decrease.
Conclusion: Exposure to cigarettes can harm reproductive health, which is characterized by a decrease in testosterone hormone levels as well as changes in both follicle-stimulating hormone & luteinizing hormone.
Keywords:
Male Smokers, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, TestosteroneReferences
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