Mobile Applications and Community Disaster Preparedness: Insights from a Scoping Review

Iwan Permana*, Rosliana Dewi, Johan Budhiana

Department of Nursing, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Sukabumi, Jawa Barat 43122, Indonesia

*Corresponding Author’s Email: permana.iwan@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Background: Mobile applications have emerged as innovative solutions for enhancing community resilience during emergencies. However, their widespread adoption faces challenges, including usability limitations, accessibility barriers, and integration issues within existing disaster management systems. Objective: This scoping review systematically investigated the role of mobile applications in strengthening community disaster preparedness. Methods: The study employed the Arksey and O’Malley framework for scoping reviews. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering publications from 2012 to 2024. Eligible studies included peer-reviewed articles focusing on mobile applications designed for disaster preparedness, excluding non-peer-reviewed sources and those lacking a community focus. Data extraction utilised a standardised form, and quality assessment was performed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Results: The review included 16 studies from an initial pool of 256 records. The findings highlighted that mobile applications often feature real-time notifications, educational modules, and tools for emergency coordination. Applications targeting specific demographics, such as older adults, demonstrated improved readiness outcomes but underscored the importance of addressing diverse user needs. Conclusion: Mobile applications are pivotal in enhancing community disaster preparedness and resilience, offering a range of functionalities that can significantly contribute to readiness. Future research should focus on validating these applications in real-world settings and examining their effects on both individual and community-level preparedness outcomes.

Keywords: Disaster Preparedness; Mobile Applications; Scoping Review; Usability

INTRODUCTION

Disaster preparedness plays a vital role in reducing the adverse effects of natural and human- induced disasters on communities. With the rising frequency and intensity of disasters driven by climate change, population growth, and urbanisation, the need for effective disaster preparedness strategies has become increasingly urgent (Meyer et al., 2025). Traditional methods such as community training and information dissemination are now being supplemented by technological innovations, particularly mobile applications. These applications have proven to be valuable tools for improving disaster preparedness by offering real-time alerts, comprehensive disaster management information, and platforms for communication and coordination (Ezeonu et al., 2024; Kangana et al., 2024).

Research has extensively examined the role of mobile applications in increasing awareness and enhancing disaster response efficiency (Navarro de Corcuera et al., 2022). These applications support critical functions such as early warning systems, evacuation planning, and post-disaster recovery efforts (Rivas et al., 2024). For instance, Sukhwani and Shaw (2020) highlighted the effectiveness of mobile apps in delivering hazard-specific information and helping users create personalised emergency plans. Shafapourtehrany et al., (2023) further demonstrated the advantages of integrating geospatial technologies into mobile apps, enabling better tracking of disaster-affected populations and improving coordination of relief efforts.

Several studies underscore the importance of mobile applications in building disaster resilience. Kangana et al., (2024) reviewed disaster management apps, emphasizing their role in real-time risk communication and strengthening community resilience. Similarly, Ezeonu et al. (2024) showed that mobile applications could bridge the gap in traditional disaster management approaches by providing marginalised and resource-poor communities with access to vital disaster-related information. User-friendly apps like Disaster Alert and FEMA have also been recognised for enabling even technologically inexperienced individuals to access critical information during emergencies (Meyer et al., 2025). Additionally, disaster preparedness apps have been found effective in educating communities and promoting intentional behavior changes in high-risk areas, such as hurricane-prone regions (Susmini et al., 2023).

However, despite their advantages, barriers such as limited digital literacy, accessibility challenges, and low user engagement hinder the widespread adoption of disaster preparedness apps (Ahmed et al., 2025; Chandran & Vipin, 2024). An analysis of 45 disaster support apps and over 28,000 user reviews identified 13 critical features aligned with the four stages of the disaster life cycle. The findings revealed that while these apps hold significant potential, technical issues such as login difficulties, network instability, and configuration problems negatively impact user experience and safety (Syukron et al., 2024).

Moreover, the effectiveness of these applications across diverse community settings remains ambiguous. Current studies are fragmented, often focusing on technical aspects of app development rather than user-centred outcomes such as usability, accessibility, and cultural relevance (Cicek & Kantarci, 2023). Research on their long-term impact on community preparedness is also limited, with little attention given to their integration into broader disaster management frameworks (Bania, Iatrellis & Samaras, 2023). This highlights the need for a comprehensive review to systematically assess existing evidence on mobile applications' role in disaster preparedness and identify research gaps, particularly regarding their applicability in low-resource settings and among vulnerable populations.

This study aimed to address these gaps through a scoping review aimed at exploring the role of mobile applications in enhancing community disaster preparedness. The specific objectives are: 1) to analyze the features and functionalities of mobile applications designed for disaster preparedness. 2) to evaluate the usability, accessibility, and effectiveness of these applications in diverse community settings. 3) to identify challenges and opportunities for integrating mobile applications into existing disaster management frameworks. 4) to provide evidence- based recommendations for optimising the use of mobile technology in disaster preparedness.

METHODOLOGY

Study Design

This scoping review was conducted in accordance with the framework established by Arksey and O’malley, 2005) and later refined by Levac, Colquhoun and O’Brien (2010). The primary objective of this review was to systematically examine the role of mobile applications in improving community disaster preparedness by identifying, analysing, and synthesising relevant research findings. To ensure a thorough and transparent process, the review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines (Tricco et al., 2018), providing a structured approach to reporting and analysis.

Search Strategies

A thorough literature search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify peer-reviewed articles published between January 2012 and December 2024. The search strategy utilised a combination of keywords and Boolean operators, including "Mobile Applications" or "Mobile Apps" and "Disaster Preparedness" or "Community Disaster Management" and "Usability" or "Effectiveness". To ensure comprehensive coverage, additional relevant studies were identified by manually reviewing the reference lists of the included articles. This multi-faceted approach aimed to capture all pertinent research on the topic.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria for this study comprised: (1) articles published in English, (2) research focusing on mobile applications specifically designed for enhancing community disaster preparedness, (3) studies evaluating aspects such as features, usability, accessibility, or the effectiveness of mobile applications in disaster-related contexts, and (4) publications sourced from peer-reviewed journals. Conversely, the exclusion criteria encompassed (1) non-peer- reviewed sources, including reports, conference proceedings, and editorial articles; (2) studies that exclusively addressed individual disaster preparedness without a broader community focus; and (3) articles where mobile applications were not a central component of the research.

Data Extraction

Data extraction for the review was conducted using a standardised form specifically designed for this purpose. The extracted data encompassed key details such as the names of the study authors, the year of publication, the study design, research objectives, features of the mobile applications, the outcomes evaluated (including usability, accessibility, and effectiveness), and the primary findings. To ensure accuracy and reliability, two reviewers independently performed the data extraction. Any disagreements or discrepancies encountered during this process were addressed and resolved through mutual discussion or, when necessary, by seeking input from a third reviewer.

Quality Assessment

The quality of the studies included in this review was evaluated using the 2018 version of the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). This assessment instrument is specifically designed to appraise qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods research, focusing on methodological rigour and relevance to the research objectives. Each study was categorised as having low, moderate, or high quality based on the criteria outlined in the tool. Any discrepancies or disagreements during the assessment process were resolved through a consensus-building discussion among the reviewers to ensure consistency and reliability in the evaluation.

Data Analysis

A narrative synthesis method was utilised to summarise the extracted data comprehensively. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify core themes, which included mobile application features, usability, accessibility, effectiveness, challenges, and their integration within disaster management frameworks. Additionally, descriptive statistics were employed to analyse trends in publication years, study contexts, and the various types of disasters covered, providing quantitative insights into the research landscape.

RESULTS

Searching Results

The PRISMA flowchart outlines the systematic selection process for studies in a review. From 256 records initially identified through database searches, duplicates were removed, leaving 217 for screening. After title and abstract review, 198 records were screened, and 126 were excluded for not meeting inclusion criteria. Of 72 full-text articles assessed for eligibility, 56 were excluded for specific reasons. Ultimately, 16 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, ensuring a transparent and rigorous review process (Figure 1).

Figure 1: PRISMA Flow Chart

Quality of Study

The quality appraisal of studies on mobile applications and digital solutions for disaster preparedness and emergency response reveals a wide spectrum of methodological approaches, strengths, and limitations. High-quality studies, such as those by Kuula et al. (2013) and Johnson et al. (2023), showcased rigorous methodologies and comprehensive insights, contributing significantly to the field. Similarly, Aiello et al. (2023) demonstrated robust methods for earthquake early warning systems but highlighted the challenges of infrastructure dependency. Moderate-quality studies, including those by Fazeli et al. (2024), offered valuable contributions but were often constrained by factors such as the absence of usability testing or limited participant diversity.

Low-quality studies, such as those by Nilsson and Stølen (2011) and Nurse et al. (2012), primarily focused on conceptual frameworks or preliminary evaluations, lacking empirical validation and generalisability. Studies addressing specific user groups, such as Yuwono et al. (2019) on elderly preparedness and Nourozi et al. (2016) on risk mitigation, highlighted the importance of targeted interventions with varying methodological rigour. Furthermore, research on user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) designs, such as those by Kwee- Meier, Wiessmann and Mertens (2017) and Estuar et al. (2014), emphasised advancements in usability while exposing gaps in real-world application testing.

Overall, while high-quality studies provide a solid foundation for advancing disaster preparedness through digital solutions, many studies reveal recurring limitations, including small sample sizes, limited diversity, and the absence of real-world testing. Future research should prioritise methodological rigour, scalability, and practical implementation to enhance the reliability and impact of digital tools in disaster preparedness and emergency response.

Main Finding

Features and Functionalities of Mobile Applications for Disaster Preparedness

Studies investigating mobile applications for disaster preparedness have highlighted a wide array of features and functionalities designed to enhance individual and community readiness. Core functionalities include educational modules, self-assessment tools, real-time notifications, emergency response coordination mechanisms, and the visualisation of critical information. For instance, Fazeli et al. (2024) examined a mobile application providing earthquake preparedness education and self-assessment tools, demonstrating its ability to improve preparedness at both individual and community levels. Similarly, Xu et al. (2020) evaluated the PRESTo system, which delivers early warnings for earthquakes, effectively alerting residents to imminent seismic events. Other applications, such as the one studied by Kuula et al. (2013), focused on emergency alerting and command coordination, showcasing improved collaboration between Finnish police and civilians during emergencies. Furthermore, Bachmann et al. (2015) reviewed various preparedness applications, emphasizing their role in bolstering emergency response capabilities across different contexts.

Usability, Accessibility, and Effectiveness in Diverse Community Settings

The usability and accessibility of disaster preparedness applications have emerged as pivotal factors determining their effectiveness in diverse community settings. Research by Nurse et al. (2012) and Sarshar, Nunavath and Radianti (2015) underscored the importance of usability evaluations in identifying design shortcomings and providing actionable recommendations for enhancement. For example, Nurse et al. reviewed the Secure Situation Awareness System and highlighted areas requiring improvement to optimise usability. Applications designed for specific demographic groups have also shown promising outcomes. Nourozi et al. (2016) reported significant gains in earthquake preparedness among elderly users following educational interventions delivered via mobile applications. Similarly, Ida et al. (2022) explored the use of digital media tools for disaster communication, demonstrating their effectiveness among earthquake-affected populations in East Java, Indonesia. These findings underscore the potential of targeted, accessible solutions to enhance preparedness across diverse user groups.

Challenges and Opportunities for Integration into Disaster Management Frameworks

Integrating mobile applications into disaster management frameworks presents both challenges and opportunities. Nilsson and Stølen (2011) proposed conceptual models emphasizing generic user interface designs adaptable to various emergency scenarios. Similarly, Karl, Rother and Nestler (2015) identified critical features for crisis-related applications, such as user-friendly interfaces and robust communication tools, which are essential for successful integration into larger disaster management systems. However, challenges persist, including usability limitations and the need to validate app effectiveness in real-world settings. Estuar et al., 2014, highlighted these issues in their study of a crowdsourcing disaster management application, which underwent rigorous UI/UX validation to enhance its capabilities. Addressing these challenges is vital to realising the full potential of mobile applications in disaster preparedness and response.

Evidence Based Recommendations for Optimization

To maximise the effectiveness of mobile technology in disaster preparedness, several evidence- based recommendations have been proposed. First, incorporating user-centreddesign principles can mitigate usability challenges, as suggested by Bandiet al., 2018. Second, tailoring educational content to specific demographics, as demonstrated by Nouroziet al. (2016), can enhance user engagement and preparedness outcomes. Third, leveraging smartphone-based systems for real-time data collection and alert dissemination, such as the approach used by Aielloet al. (2023) to estimate earthquake parameters, has proven effective. Lastly, developing interoperable applications aligned with existing disaster management frameworks, as proposed by Nilsson and Stølen (2011), ensures seamless integration and improved coordination during emergencies. These strategies collectively underscore the transformative potential of mobile applications in advancing disaster preparedness and resilience.

Table 1: Characteristics of Included Studies

DSCUSSION

The findings of this study highlight the critical role mobile applications play in enhancing disaster preparedness and resilience at individual, community, and systemic levels. By incorporating educational modules, real-time alerts, emergency coordination tools, and content tailored for diverse demographic groups, these applications demonstrate their versatile functionalities. These outcomes align with prior studies that underscore the significance of mobile technologies in disaster management (Paul, Bee & Budimir, 2021; Xu et al., 2020). For instance, Wang et al. (2020) demonstrated the effectiveness of mobile applications in delivering timely information and improving emergency response times, while they emphasised the value of tailored educational features in boosting preparedness among vulnerable populations.

This study contributes to the existing literature by addressing usability and accessibility challenges associated with disaster preparedness applications. Previous research has highlighted the importance of user-centred design in fostering application engagement and effectiveness (Prasad et al., 2023). Unlike earlier studies that predominantly explored technical functionalities, this research focuses on overcoming barriers to usability and accessibility. For example, Grinko, Kaufhold and Reuter (2019) identified design limitations as significant obstacles to app adoption in resource-constrained settings, a concern echoed in the present findings. Moreover, the emphasis on integrating mobile applications within broader disaster management frameworks resonates with Pandey, Rani and Kundu (2025), who highlighted the necessity of seamless coordination between digital tools and existing emergency systems.

Nurses, as frontline healthcare professionals, play a pivotal role in leveraging these digital tools to enhance public preparedness through education, triage, and psychosocial support during disasters. Mobile applications can also be integrated into nursing disaster training curricula to improve competencies in emergency response, risk communication, and psychological first aid (Rivas et al., 2024). The findings suggest that healthcare providers, particularly nurses, and disaster management agencies should adopt user-centred design principles to enhance application engagement and usability (Tan, 2020). Additionally, customised interventions tailored to specific demographic groups—such as older adults, children, or people with chronic illnesses—can optimise preparedness outcomes, especially among high-risk populations (Mehmood et al., 2023). Policymakers are encouraged to incorporate these applications into national disaster preparedness strategies while also involving nursing associations in the planning and implementation stages to ensure clinical relevance, scalability, and long-term sustainability in managing disaster risks effectively (Shukla et al., 2024).

Limitation

This scoping review explores the role of mobile applications in community disaster preparedness. However, it has limitations, such as relying on English-language publications and omitting practical insights from grey literature and non-peer-reviewed sources. The review also overlooks the interconnectedness between individual and community-level strategies, narrowing the scope of findings. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool's heterogeneity in methodologies and outcomes also posed challenges in comparing findings across studies. The short timeframe for database searches may have excluded ongoing or recently published research. Future research should include studies in multiple languages, grey literature, and practical applications from diverse sources, and investigate the interplay between individual and community disaster preparedness through mobile applications.

CONCLUSION

The findings highlight the significant role mobile applications play in enhancing disaster preparedness and resilience at individual, community, and systemic levels. These applications offer diverse functionalities, including educational modules, real-time alerts, emergency coordination tools, and tailored content for specific demographic groups. Usability and accessibility remain critical factors influencing their effectiveness, with research underscoring the importance of user-centred design to address potential shortcomings and optimise engagement. Despite their potential, challenges such as usability limitations and integration with broader disaster management frameworks persist, necessitating further refinement and validation in real-world settings. Future studies should focus on improving the user experience through iterative design processes, tailoring features to meet the needs of diverse populations, and ensuring seamless integration with existing disaster management systems. Additionally, leveraging real-time data and interoperable technologies can enhance communication and response capabilities during emergencies. Continued advancements in mobile applications for disaster preparedness hold the promise of fostering more resilient communities equipped to navigate and mitigate the impacts of disasters effectively.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are thankful to the institutional authority for completion of the work.

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