Ratumas Ratih Puspita1, Nita Farida2*, Erlena Lena2
1Institute of Health Science Widya Dharma Husada Tangerang, West of Pamulang South of Tangerang, Banten Province 15417, Indonesia
2Faculty of Health Science, Horizon University Indonesia, Karawang, West Java Province 41316, Indonesia
*Corresponding Author's Email: nitahindayah@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Background: Recent data in the Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) reported an increase in juvenile delinquency cases in Indonesia over recent years. Interviews conducted in Jakarta revealed that a significant portion of students admitted to behaviors such as being absent from class, sleeping during class time, and participating in school fights. Additionally, many students indicated that they do not seek advice or discuss issues that occur both in and out of school, with their parents when facing problems, while a smaller portion reported the opposite. Objective: The present study aims to determine the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions in the family and the tendency for juvenile delinquency among students at Kartika X-2 Vocational School in South Jakarta. Methods: This study employed a quantitative, cross-sectional research design. The sample in this study consisted of 92 respondents from classes I and II at Kartika X-2 Vocational School in South Jakarta. The study participants were selected using a non-probability sampling technique with the quota sampling method. Results: The statistical tests using the Pearson's Product Moment test obtained a correlation value of 0.543 with a significant value of 0.000 <0.05. This shows that there is a significant relationship between the correlation results of parent-child interactions in the family and the tendency for juvenile delinquency. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the quality of parents and children in the family and the tendency for juvenile delinquency among students. Nurses should develop more strategies for providing parental education, as parental control and supervision are crucial factors in raising children effectively.
INTRODUCTION
Family is a bond between a man and a woman based on law and legal marriage (Harris, Carbone, & Rebouche, 2023). Parents are responsible for educating, nurturing, and guiding their children to reach a certain stage that makes them ready for social life (Sari, 2023). Adolescence is a period of intense changes, conflicts, and challenges as individuals transition into adulthood, influenced by biological, social, and psychological factors (Abadi, Yahya, & Rabbani, 2019). Parents play a crucial role in a child's life within the family, particularly when the child is still in elementary school, as they spend most of their time there (McGinnity et al., 2022). The quality of the parent-child relationship is determined by how much certain key characteristics and parenting skills contribute to the development of a positive connection (Hadjicharalambous & Demetriou, 2020). The quality of the relationship between parents and children can be known through parents' trust in children, children's readiness to communicate with parents, and children's satisfaction with the control exercised by parents. Therefore, the quality of the parent-child relationship is determined by the emotional closeness and mutual trust between parents and children, which fosters openness and responsiveness towards each other (Ali, Letourneau, & Benzies, 2021).
Parents play a pivotal role in shaping the family structure by fulfilling their duties and responsibilities towards all family members (Hasanah, 2021). They must focus on character development, teaching household skills and regulations, and acting as role models for their children (Stengelin, Haun, & Kanngiesser, 2023). When family interactions are of low quality, it can negatively impact children, making them feel insecure and deprived of a sense of support and stability (Pereda & Díaz-Faes, 2020). Therefore, the quality of the parent-child relationship is determined by the degree of emotional closeness and mutual trust between parents and children, fostering openness and responsiveness to one another (Desmita et al., 2023).
Relationships of good quality will have a positive impact on development, for example, adjustment, well-being, prosocial behaviour, and value transmission. On the other hand, poor quality relationships can result in delinquencies in children, causing both behavioral and psychopathology problems. Research shows a significant negative correlation between the quality of the parent-child relationship and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in early adolescence (Buist et al., 2002). Adolescents who have low-quality relationships with their parents having higher levels of externalizing problems (Fix, Clifford, & Burkhart, 2021).
Parental control and supervision are regarded as one of the key factors in raising children. There are numerous studies and research that prove the correlation between parental control and juvenile delinquency. Teenagers who engage in behavior that violates criminal law norms are considered juvenile delinquents. Such behavior will harm the individual and those around them. The problem of juvenile delinquency has begun to receive special attention from the community since the establishment of juvenile justice (Sarwanto, 2023). Kartono explained that juvenile delinquency is a symptom of social pathology in adolescents caused by social neglect. As a result, they develop deviant forms of behavior (Widayati et al., 2022). According to KPAI data, Indonesia recorded 4,369 cases of juvenile delinquency in 2019, rising to 4734 cases in 2020. The educational environment grouping recorded 321 cases in 2019, with an average of student brawls, school violence, and free sex. In 2020, this number increased to 1451 cases, with an average of student brawls, school violence, and free sex (Hutagalung, Halawa, & Hayati, 2023). In the grouping of children in conflict with the law (ABH), there were 1,403 cases in 2017; in 2018, there was an increase to 1,434 cases, with an average of cases of physical violence, sexual violence, murder, and kidnapping (Indradjaja & Nurhandy, 2024).
Health worker interventions are key to enhancing parental interaction by developing coping strategies for preventive interventions in primary, secondary, and tertiary care settings (McHugh et al., 2024). Nurses' role in educating parents is to encourage interactions with their children. Nurses serving as mentors are the primary facilitation strategy in the Close Collaboration with Parents program (Ahlqvist-Björkroth, Axelin, & Lehtonen, 2024). The nurses must have more strategies for giving parental education to the parents because parental control and supervision are considered key factors in raising children (Merdović, Pocuca, & Dragojlovic, 2024).
This study aimed to determine the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions in the family and the tendency for juvenile delinquency among students at Kartika X-2 Vocational School in South Jakarta.
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The study employed quantitative research methods and an analytic design with a cross- sectional approach.
Participants
The study included 120 students from Kartika X-2 Vocational School in Jakarta who met predetermined criteria. This study selected 92 respondents from classes I and II at Kartika X- 2 Vocational School in South Jakarta using a non-probability sampling technique and the quota sampling method.
Instrument
This questionnaire had 19 statements that were distributed to respondents and have been tested for validity and reliability. Contains point statements: Juvenile Delinquency Tendency was measured using a Likert scale. The design of the scale allows respondents to provide answers at different levels for each object under measurement: The scale ranged from "strongly disagree" (1) to "disagree" (2), "agree (3), and "strongly agree" (4).
Validity and Reliability of the Questionnaire
Previous researchers conducted the reliability test, yielding a value of 0.842 for the family role variable and a value of 0.847 for the juvenile delinquency variable. This means that there is a good level of internal consistency among the questions in the questionnaire. It also means that the questions in this section measured the right thing, giving accurate and reliable results (Costa et al., 2022).
Data Analysis
This study utilized Microsoft Office Excel to organize data in frequency and percentage distribution. SPSS version 20 software was used to determine the mean and standard deviation of the variables and their correlation. Moreover, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was utilized to determine the association and strength of the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions and juvenile delinquency tendencies. The respondents' autonomy was respected by allowing them to personally answer the questionnaire or permitting their significant others to write their answers on the questionnaire. The respondents' identities were protected by keeping their records secured through the use of password-protected files.
Ethical Consideration
The present study received clearance from Ethical Review Committee of College of Health Sciences, Horizon University, Indonesia with Reference Number: KRW/ET, Legal/Horizon.2020 Code: Kr-LPPM-2020-15 on 20th February 2020 before data gathering and interview.
RESULTS
Table 1 shows that frequency distribution of respondents based on gender characteristics, more than half of the male respondents were 51 (55.4%).
Gender | Frequency | Percent (%) |
Male | 51 | 55.4 |
Female | 41 | 44.6 |
Total | 92 | 100 |
Table 2 shows that the research subjects were in the variable Quality of Parent-Child Interaction, the subjects in the low category.
Category | Number of Subjec (n) | Perscent (%) |
Low (<30) | 39 | 42.4 |
Medium (30-50) | 30 | 32.6 |
High (>50) | 23 | 25 |
Total | 92 | 100 |
Table 3 shows that the research subjects on the Juvenile Delinquency Tendency variable were mostly in the medium category, namely 34 students (37%).
Category | Number of Subjec (n) | Perscent (%) |
Low (<30) | 25 | 27.2 |
Medium (30-50) | 34 | 37 |
High (>50) | 33 | 35.9 |
Total | 92 | 100 |
Table 4, it shows that the quality of parent-child interaction is in the low category, namely almost half as many as 39 respondents (42.4%).
Quality of Parental Interaction | Juvenile Delinquency Tendencies | p-value | |||||||
Medium | Low | High | Total | ||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
High | 15 | 16.3 | 5 | 5.4 | 3 | 3.3 | 23 | 25 | 0.000 |
Medium | 6 | 6.5 | 19 | 20.7 | 5 | 5.4 | 30 | 32.6 | |
Low | 4 | 4.3 | 10 | 10.9 | 25 | 27.2 | 39 | 42.4 | |
Total | 25 | 27.2 | 34 | 37 | 33 | 35.9 | 92 | 100 | |
Table 5 shows that the correlation coefficient has an extremely low p-value, less than 0.00, indicatingstrong evidence against the null hypothesis that there is no correlation between the quality of parent-child interaction and the tendency for juvenile delinquence. The data support the alternative hypothesis, whichstates that there is a correlation between the variables.
Variable | Coefficient | P-value | Remark |
Quality of Parent-Child Interaction on Juvenile Tendencies Delinquency | -0.543 | 0.000 | Moderate Corelation |
DISCUSSION
Frequency Distribution Based on Sexual Characteristics
Amran & Basri (2020) found that there is a significant relationship between authoritarian parenting style and juvenile delinquent behavior. This is because the parenting style used has a significant impact on shaping the children's behavior. If parents fail to educate their children effectively, it can lead to an increase in children with anger management issues and a passive attitude, which can further complicate their adjustment to the real world (Amran & Basri, 2020; Sun et al., 2024). According to research on gender exploration in a nationally representative sample of youth, more than half of the sex characteristics are male (Liu & Miller, 2020).
According to Erickson's theory, men are destructive and aggressive, while women are calmer and passive, so boys engage in more antisocial behaviour that is difficult to control than girls, resulting in more deviant behaviour (Rorije et al., 2023). Based on the data above, the researcher concluded that at Kartika X-2 Vocational School in South Jakarta, there are more male students than female students. Men tend to behave more aggressively and often express their anger through high emotions.
Quality of Parental Interaction with Children
Based on the results of research analysis on the categorization of Parent-Child, the above data revealed that parent-child interaction falls into the medium category, i.e. it is neither too low nor too high. This means in everyday life; children sometimes interact with their parents and sometimes do not. This is because some students have parents who both works, making it challenging for them to frequently engage with their parents. Additionally, students often participate in extracurricular or school-related activities outside of regular class hours, leaving them with little time to simply chat or spend time together.
Juvenile Delinquency Tendencies
Based on the results of the research analysis on the categorization of juvenile delinquent behavior, The researcher deduces from the aforementioned data that juvenile delinquency tends to fall into the medium category, indicating a moderate level of behavior that is not excessively frequent. Several factors contribute to this situation: children receive insufficient attention from both parents, and both parents fail to provide adequate educational guidance. The systematic review indicates that risk behavior is influenced by several factors, including the neighborhood, school, peer influences, family dynamics, and the presence of other adolescent risk behaviors (Bozzini et al., 2021).
Quality of Parent-Child Interaction with the Tendency of Juvenile Delinquency: Correlation Test
Based on the results of the analysis, namely, the relationship between the quality of parent- child interaction in the family and the tendency of juvenile delinquency is -0.543 with a significance value of 0.000 <0.05, which means that there is a significant relationship between the quality of parent-child interaction in the family and the tendency of juvenile delinquency.
The quality of the parent-child relationship is essential for both physical health and psychological well-being (Li et al., 2020). The quality of the parent-child relationship is associated with juvenile delinquency behaviour, especially in terms of the quality of communication and low trust associated with higher rates of juvenile delinquency (Fix, Clifford, & Burkhart, 2021).
Based on the above, the researcher concludes that students still have a lot of deviant behaviour or juvenile delinquency where students do not get enough attention and supervision from their parents because both parents are busy and students are doing activities outside school hours, so the time is not right for them to discuss.
Role of Nursing clinical work with families
The nursing discipline is deeply committed to promoting child health (Fuemmeler et al., 2017). Nurses frequently work together with families of young children, with parents often seeking their advice on children's health matters (Ordway et al., 2014). This positions nurses uniquely to foster secure parent-child attachments (PCA), particularly in families where children are at higher risk of developing insecure attachments due to factors such as poverty, intimate partner violence, stress, parental mental health issues, and substance abuse (Ali, Letourneau, & Benzies, 2021). However, inconsistencies in nursing literature regarding the PCA concept, often confused with bonding, have hindered progress in nursing practice. A clearer understanding of attachment theory could enhance nursing practice, supporting parents and improving long-term child health outcomes.
Limitations
Further research is required to explore the correlational aspects of the analysis. There may be other variables or factors not included in this study that could impact both parent-child interactions and juvenile behaviours.
CONCLUSION
The present research concludes that the critical role of parent-child interaction in influencing juvenile behavior highlights the potential impact of positive familial relationships in mitigating juvenile delinquency. Therefore, interventions aimed at enhancing the quality of parent-child interactions may be effective in addressing and reducing tendencies towards delinquent behaviour among adolescents. Future research could delve deeper into specific aspects of parent-child interactions to better understand the mechanisms through which these relationships influence juvenile behaviour.
Recommendation
Since the family is the smallest community and the foundation for adolescents' development, we expect parents to play a fundamental role in preventing and overcoming juvenile delinquency. Parents must be role models for their children in their attitudes and speech, motivating them to go through their teenage years well.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Civitas Academy of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Widya Dharma Husada, and Kartika Vocational High School X-2 South Jakarta for their generous support and facilitation of this research. The authors extend special thanks to all those who contributed to this study, particularly the proofreader, whose assistance was invaluable in refining this work. The support and expertise have significantly contributed to the successful completion of this research endeavour.
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