International Journal of Food, Drug and Cosmetics (IJFDC)

ADVANCES AND CHALLENGES IN MULTI-MYCOTOXIN DETECTION: ENSURING SAFETY IN HERBAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS

Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Advances and Challenges in Multi-Mycotoxin Detection: Ensuring Safety in Herbal Medicinal Products

Abstract

Herbal medicinal products have experienced a dramatic surge in global use, particularly in regions where they serve as the primary source of healthcare. Despite their long-standing history and perceived safety, these products are increasingly contaminated by mycotoxins, posing significant health risks due to their potent nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, and immunosuppressive properties. This review provides a comprehensive examination of mycotoxin contamination in herbal remedies, focusing on key toxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, trichothecenes, and fumonisins. It critically assesses the strengths and limitations of current analytical methodologies for simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins. Advanced techniques such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) offer high sensitivity and specificity, yet they require significant capital investment and technical expertise. Complementary methods, including immunochromatographic assays, surface plasmon resonance biosensors, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, provide rapid and cost-effective screening options but are challenged by issues like matrix interferences and limited quantification capabilities. Integrating these diverse approaches promises a more holistic strategy for robust multi-mycotoxin analysis. Future research should target methodological enhancements to overcome current limitations, thus ensuring comprehensive risk assessment and regulatory compliance in the herbal medicine sector. This review highlights the urgent need for continued innovation in detection technologies to safeguard public health and enhance food safety protocols.

Keyword: Mycotoxin; Herbal Medicine Safety; Multi-Residue Analysis

THE ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECT OF PHYLLANTHUS EMBLICA ON RODENT MODELS: A SCOPING REVIEW AND META ANALYSIS

Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Abstract

There are growing studies in the field of managing diabetes by using the natural remedies which demonstrate the efficacy of herbal plants in lowering down the blood glucose level. The use of natural remedies in diabetes management is still crucial since they offer a wider range of therapeutic benefits which renders great opportunity in providing a potential alternative approach that can increase the effectiveness in managing diabetes. The medicinal plants contain various kind of biologically active compounds with potential synergistic effects such as Phyllanthus emblica have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that are oriented at multiple pathways that contribute to the antidiabetic action. Additionally, natural remedies can also accommodate the preferences of patients, cultural norms, and individualised treatment plans. Therefore, this research aimed to gather the existing evidences to comprehensively evaluate the therapeutic potential of Phyllanthus emblica in managing diabetes in the rodent models and determine the overall effect size of the Phyllanthus emblica on the key diabetes-related parameters such as blood glucose level, HbA1c and blood insulin level. A thorough search on databases PubMed, Mendeley, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library without date restriction were performed based on the PRISMA guidelines. Subgroup analyses was performed based on the gender, PE parts, rodents’ types and diabetes induction method for each diabetes-related parameter. The pooled effect size obtained from meta-analysis of effects of PE extracts on the blood glucose level is -3.19 [-4.88, -1.50], p = 0.0002, I² = 87%, on HbA1c is -4.42 [-7.00, -1.83], p = 0.0008, I² = 80%, while for blood insulin level is 3.46 [1.62, 5.30], I² = 81%, p = 0.0002. The overall pooled effect results revealed the ability of PE extracts in reducing the blood glucose level, HbA1c and improving the blood insulin level in the diabetic rodent models. The is no significant difference between males and females (p = 0.62), PE parts (fruits or leaves) and stembarks (p = 0.72) or the types of rodents (p = 0.16) on the effect of PE extracts on the blood glucose levels. In contrast, there are statistically significant differences between the males and females (p = 0.007), PE parts (fruits or leaves) (p = 0.007) or the types of rodents (p = 0.007) effect of PE extracts on the HbA1c in rodents’ models while the diabetes induction method (p = 0.90) does not have any significant difference. In view of the effects of PE extracts on the blood insulin level, there is statistically significance in diabetes induction method (p = <0.0001) while there is no statistically significance on effects of PE extracts on the blood insulin level between the males and females (p = 0.30), fruits and leaves (p = 0.90), or rats and mice (p = 0.07).

Keyword: Phyllanthus emblica, glucose, diabetes, rodent models

FORMULATION AND INVITRO EVALUATION OF TERBUTALINE SULPHATE TRANSDERMAL PATCHES

Neha Unnisa, Dr. Mohammed Gousuddin — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

ABSTRACT:

In the present work, attempts were made to prepare and evaluate “Terbutaline sulphate transdermal patches”. It acts as controlled and sustained release bronchodilator. Technique used to prepare these polymeric patches is solvent evaporating technique, used various ratios of ethyl cellulose, HPMC, glycol, terbutaline sulphate etc,. From T1-T5 combination with active ingredient, eudragid RL and from T6-T10 ethyl cellulose were used. Require quantity of polymer measure n taken and allow swelling for hours in solvent (which is combination of ethanol and dichloromethane equally) included plasticizer as well. Mixing of polymeric and drug solution followed by spreading on petriplate of surface area about 6.9 cm² kept for drying followed by vacuum drying for few hours. From the area 6.9 cm² cut the patches from complete sheet. About 10 patches of terbutaline sulphate were formed from single sheet. All formulations contain different ratios of ingredients. All typical bands occur due to polymer which shows the report as ‘there is no interaction between polymer and drug’. Bands observed through IR spectrolysis.

The drug release rate was increased with increase in polymer concentration. The patch which contains ethyl cellulose & HPMC E15 gives better release than patches with HPMC E15 & Eudragit RL 100. The drug release kinetics of optimized formulations followed the zero (0) order kinetics and the release mechanism were found to be non-flicking controlled rate mechanism. The research work shows a rational guideline to formulate a controlled release transdermal drug delivery system T9 for efficient therapy.

THE EFFECT AND ESTIMATION OF “RALOXIFENE (IN ADDITION TO CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D3 SUPPLEMENTATION) ON AEDS”-INDUCED CHANGES IN BONE MINERAL DENSITY AND BONE TURNOVER" MARKERS.

Assoc.Prof.Mohammad Gousuddin, Wang Xiaoli, Sun Chao — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Antiepileptic medications are frequently required for the rest of a person's life if they suffer from epilepsy, a common neurological illness (AEDs). Recent decades have shown that long-term use of AEDs can lead to bone loss and a greater risk of fracture. Long-term use of AEDs has been shown to decrease BMD, increase the risk of fracture, and even cause overt osteomalacia, according to new clinical data AED-related bone fragility may be caused by a variety of mechanisms, but the most common AEDs that have been linked to bone metabolism disorders are CYP 450 monoxygenase system inducers (phenytoin, carbamazepine, and phenobarbitone) Thus, the present study was designed. the effect of “raloxifene (in addition to calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation) on AEDs”-induced changes in bone mineral density and bone turnover" markers. And estimation of hydroxyproline, calcium and Creatinine

EVALUATION FOR ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF 100% CALABASH FRUIT (CRESCENTIA CUJETE)EXTRACT ON ICR MICE

Alao Dauda Isiaq — Thu, 24 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of 100% Calabash fruit (Crescentia cujete) extract on Institute for Cancer Research Mice. Crescentia Cujete is also known as Calabash and is a member of the Bignoniaceae family. Extract wasobtained by macerating the fruit pulp without seeds in 95% ethyl alcohol for 72 hours with slight agitation. The evaporation process was done through the use of a rotary evaporator to obtain the pure extract.

Calabash fruit extract was studied on egg-albumin induced paw edema (10mg/1000ml x BW) on ICR Mice. The Positive control, Diclofenac Sodium; and the extract was administered orally using a gavage to each of the ICR mice. Extract was administered to the Positive control group 30 minutes after inflammation. While the Negative control group was given water 30 minutes after inflammation. Paw measurements were taken every 30 minutes for 8 hours using the cotton thread method.

Results obtained from the experimental control (mean 3.46cm) showed there was a significant decrease (mean 2.11cm) in inflammation on the egg-albumin paw edema on ICR Mice over the 8 hour observation Period. Unlike the negative control group (mean 2.78cm) which did not decrease as significantly (mean 2.26cm). In conclusion, the calabash fruit (Cresentia cujete) showed significant anti-inflammatory properties in reducing inflammation on egg-albumin induced paw edema on ICR Mice.